Thread Map
Thirty-four files on one board. A thread runs between two people when a topic connects them and they sit in different Ordner — each topic spins its own tone, and the connection that contradicts the filing is the interesting one.
One person shows their threads — one topic, its whole web:
Case file 017Wilhelm Wundt
Case file 018William James
Case file 019Hermann Ebbinghaus
Case file 001Sigmund Freud
Case file 002Carl Gustav Jung
Case file 003Anna Freud
Case file 016Melanie Klein
Case file 033Karen Horney
Case file 020Max Wertheimer
Case file 021Kurt Lewin
Case file 022Wolfgang Köhler
Case file 004Iwan Pawlow
Case file 005John B. Watson
Case file 006B. F. Skinner
Case file 023Jean Piaget
Case file 024John Bowlby
Case file 025Mary Ainsworth
Case file 034Eleanor J. Gibson
Case file 007Ulric Neisser
Case file 008Daniel Kahneman
Case file 009Elizabeth Loftus
Case file 032Amos Tversky
Case file 010Stanley Milgram
Case file 011Solomon Asch
Case file 012Philip Zimbardo
Case file 026Gordon Allport
Case file 027Leon Festinger
Case file 028Albert Bandura
Case file 013Carl Rogers
Case file 014Abraham Maslow
Case file 015Viktor Frankl
Case file 029Aaron T. Beck
Case file 030Albert Ellis
Case file 031Martin Seligman
The board as a protocol
Topic 01Obedience and Authority11
- Sigmund FreudEvery dream fulfils a wish in disguise, shaped by the dream-work.
- Carl Gustav JungAt the Burghölzli the hesitation before a stimulus word is measured — the spot is called a complex.
- Anna FreudThe ego's defences, ordered into a catalogue that is still professional vocabulary.
- Melanie KleinA child's play as the equivalent of free association.
- Karen HorneyKaren Horney describes neurotic conflict as rigid movement toward people, against them, or away from them.
- Stanley Milgram26 of 40 — 65 per cent — went to the highest level of 450 volts.
- Solomon AschAbout 37 per cent of the critical judgments followed the false majority.
- Philip ZimbardoStopped on day six of a planned fourteen; first release after about 36 hours.
- Gordon Allport18,000 words from the lexicon — the raw material from which the five factors came.
- Leon FestingerWhoever lied for a dollar believed it afterwards — the weaker justification works the stronger.
- Albert BanduraChildren struck the doll in the model's own movements — learned by watching alone.
Topic 02The Replication Crisis13
- Iwan PawlowAfter pairing with food, a neutral stimulus triggers salivation on its own.
- John B. WatsonAfter seven pairings, fear of the rat, generalised to similar things.
- B. F. SkinnerVariable reinforcement produces the highest rates and the greatest resistance to extinction.
- Ulric NeisserThe book gives a field its name and its order: processing in stages between stimulus and response.
- Daniel KahnemanLosses weigh roughly twice as heavily as equal gains.
- Elizabeth LoftusOne verb more than doubled the reported broken glass.
- Amos TverskyTversky and Kahneman show how useful shortcuts can create systematic errors under uncertainty.
- Stanley Milgram26 of 40 — 65 per cent — went to the highest level of 450 volts.
- Solomon AschAbout 37 per cent of the critical judgments followed the false majority.
- Philip ZimbardoStopped on day six of a planned fourteen; first release after about 36 hours.
- Aaron T. Beck41 patients, twelve weeks — talking treatment holds up against imipramine.
- Albert EllisThe ABC scheme appears in print — six years before Beck's first cognitive paper.
- Martin SeligmanThree groups, the same shocks, one difference: control.
Topic 03Research Ethics13
- Iwan PawlowAfter pairing with food, a neutral stimulus triggers salivation on its own.
- John B. WatsonAfter seven pairings, fear of the rat, generalised to similar things.
- B. F. SkinnerVariable reinforcement produces the highest rates and the greatest resistance to extinction.
- Jean PiagetThree children, one cloth, six stages — object permanence becomes observable.
- John BowlbyAmong the affectionless thieves, early and lengthy separations clustered.
- Mary AinsworthTwenty minutes of laboratory, three patterns — and the key lies in the reunion.
- Eleanor J. GibsonEleanor Gibson and Richard Walk make depth perception testable without any risk of falling.
- Stanley Milgram26 of 40 — 65 per cent — went to the highest level of 450 volts.
- Solomon AschAbout 37 per cent of the critical judgments followed the false majority.
- Philip ZimbardoStopped on day six of a planned fourteen; first release after about 36 hours.
- Aaron T. Beck41 patients, twelve weeks — talking treatment holds up against imipramine.
- Albert EllisThe ABC scheme appears in print — six years before Beck's first cognitive paper.
- Martin SeligmanThree groups, the same shocks, one difference: control.
Topic 04The Unconscious9
- Sigmund FreudEvery dream fulfils a wish in disguise, shaped by the dream-work.
- Carl Gustav JungAt the Burghölzli the hesitation before a stimulus word is measured — the spot is called a complex.
- Anna FreudThe ego's defences, ordered into a catalogue that is still professional vocabulary.
- Melanie KleinA child's play as the equivalent of free association.
- Karen HorneyKaren Horney describes neurotic conflict as rigid movement toward people, against them, or away from them.
- Ulric NeisserThe book gives a field its name and its order: processing in stages between stimulus and response.
- Daniel KahnemanLosses weigh roughly twice as heavily as equal gains.
- Elizabeth LoftusOne verb more than doubled the reported broken glass.
- Amos TverskyTversky and Kahneman show how useful shortcuts can create systematic errors under uncertainty.
Topic 05Stimulus and Response10
- Max WertheimerTwo blinking lines, one seen motion — and the doctrine of elements collapses.
- Kurt LewinSame club, different style, different climate — the field's first deliberately built social climate.
- Wolfgang KöhlerSultan joins two tubes — the solution arrives in one stroke.
- Iwan PawlowAfter pairing with food, a neutral stimulus triggers salivation on its own.
- John B. WatsonAfter seven pairings, fear of the rat, generalised to similar things.
- B. F. SkinnerVariable reinforcement produces the highest rates and the greatest resistance to extinction.
- Ulric NeisserThe book gives a field its name and its order: processing in stages between stimulus and response.
- Daniel KahnemanLosses weigh roughly twice as heavily as equal gains.
- Elizabeth LoftusOne verb more than doubled the reported broken glass.
- Amos TverskyTversky and Kahneman show how useful shortcuts can create systematic errors under uncertainty.
Topic 06The Third Force11
- Sigmund FreudEvery dream fulfils a wish in disguise, shaped by the dream-work.
- Carl Gustav JungAt the Burghölzli the hesitation before a stimulus word is measured — the spot is called a complex.
- Anna FreudThe ego's defences, ordered into a catalogue that is still professional vocabulary.
- Melanie KleinA child's play as the equivalent of free association.
- Karen HorneyKaren Horney describes neurotic conflict as rigid movement toward people, against them, or away from them.
- Iwan PawlowAfter pairing with food, a neutral stimulus triggers salivation on its own.
- John B. WatsonAfter seven pairings, fear of the rat, generalised to similar things.
- B. F. SkinnerVariable reinforcement produces the highest rates and the greatest resistance to extinction.
- Carl RogersThe therapeutic relationship predicts success — sufficient it is not.
- Abraham MaslowA ranking of needs: one becomes effective only once the one below it is satisfied.
- Viktor FranklThe will to meaning — against Freud's pleasure principle and Adler's striving for power.
Topic 07Development and Attachment9
- Sigmund FreudEvery dream fulfils a wish in disguise, shaped by the dream-work.
- Carl Gustav JungAt the Burghölzli the hesitation before a stimulus word is measured — the spot is called a complex.
- Anna FreudThe ego's defences, ordered into a catalogue that is still professional vocabulary.
- Melanie KleinA child's play as the equivalent of free association.
- Karen HorneyKaren Horney describes neurotic conflict as rigid movement toward people, against them, or away from them.
- Jean PiagetThree children, one cloth, six stages — object permanence becomes observable.
- John BowlbyAmong the affectionless thieves, early and lengthy separations clustered.
- Mary AinsworthTwenty minutes of laboratory, three patterns — and the key lies in the reunion.
- Eleanor J. GibsonEleanor Gibson and Richard Walk make depth perception testable without any risk of falling.
Topic 08Learning from Models6
- Iwan PawlowAfter pairing with food, a neutral stimulus triggers salivation on its own.
- John B. WatsonAfter seven pairings, fear of the rat, generalised to similar things.
- B. F. SkinnerVariable reinforcement produces the highest rates and the greatest resistance to extinction.
- Gordon Allport18,000 words from the lexicon — the raw material from which the five factors came.
- Leon FestingerWhoever lied for a dollar believed it afterwards — the weaker justification works the stronger.
- Albert BanduraChildren struck the doll in the model's own movements — learned by watching alone.
Topic 09Measurement and Method10
- Wilhelm WundtA room in the Konvikt building becomes the first laboratory of a new discipline.
- William JamesTwelve years of work, two volumes — and the stream of consciousness gets its name.
- Hermann EbbinghausA single subject — the author — and a forgetting curve replicated in 2015.
- Jean PiagetThree children, one cloth, six stages — object permanence becomes observable.
- John BowlbyAmong the affectionless thieves, early and lengthy separations clustered.
- Mary AinsworthTwenty minutes of laboratory, three patterns — and the key lies in the reunion.
- Eleanor J. GibsonEleanor Gibson and Richard Walk make depth perception testable without any risk of falling.
- Aaron T. Beck41 patients, twelve weeks — talking treatment holds up against imipramine.
- Albert EllisThe ABC scheme appears in print — six years before Beck's first cognitive paper.
- Martin SeligmanThree groups, the same shocks, one difference: control.
Topic 10Therapy and Its Effect11
- Sigmund FreudEvery dream fulfils a wish in disguise, shaped by the dream-work.
- Carl Gustav JungAt the Burghölzli the hesitation before a stimulus word is measured — the spot is called a complex.
- Anna FreudThe ego's defences, ordered into a catalogue that is still professional vocabulary.
- Melanie KleinA child's play as the equivalent of free association.
- Karen HorneyKaren Horney describes neurotic conflict as rigid movement toward people, against them, or away from them.
- Carl RogersThe therapeutic relationship predicts success — sufficient it is not.
- Abraham MaslowA ranking of needs: one becomes effective only once the one below it is satisfied.
- Viktor FranklThe will to meaning — against Freud's pleasure principle and Adler's striving for power.
- Aaron T. Beck41 patients, twelve weeks — talking treatment holds up against imipramine.
- Albert EllisThe ABC scheme appears in print — six years before Beck's first cognitive paper.
- Martin SeligmanThree groups, the same shocks, one difference: control.
Full board on a large screen.
The board as a list
- Case file 017 · Wilhelm WundtConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Eleanor J. Gibson, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth
- Case file 018 · William JamesConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Eleanor J. Gibson, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth
- Case file 019 · Hermann EbbinghausConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Eleanor J. Gibson, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth
- Case file 001 · Sigmund FreudConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Philip Zimbardo, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl
- Case file 002 · Carl Gustav JungConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Philip Zimbardo, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl
- Case file 003 · Anna FreudConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Philip Zimbardo, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl
- Case file 016 · Melanie KleinConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Philip Zimbardo, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl
- Case file 033 · Karen HorneyConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Philip Zimbardo, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl
- Case file 020 · Max WertheimerConnected to: Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Daniel Kahneman, Elizabeth Loftus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 021 · Kurt LewinConnected to: Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Daniel Kahneman, Elizabeth Loftus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 022 · Wolfgang KöhlerConnected to: Amos Tversky, B. F. Skinner, Daniel Kahneman, Elizabeth Loftus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 004 · Iwan PawlowConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 005 · John B. WatsonConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 006 · B. F. SkinnerConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Abraham Maslow, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Jean Piaget, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 023 · Jean PiagetConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 024 · John BowlbyConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 025 · Mary AinsworthConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 034 · Eleanor J. GibsonConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 007 · Ulric NeisserConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Martin Seligman, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 008 · Daniel KahnemanConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Martin Seligman, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 009 · Elizabeth LoftusConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Martin Seligman, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 032 · Amos TverskyConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Kurt Lewin, Martin Seligman, Max Wertheimer, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Wolfgang Köhler
- Case file 010 · Stanley MilgramConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 011 · Solomon AschConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 012 · Philip ZimbardoConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Bandura, Albert Ellis, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Gordon Allport, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Leon Festinger, Martin Seligman, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud, Ulric Neisser
- Case file 026 · Gordon AllportConnected to: Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram
- Case file 027 · Leon FestingerConnected to: Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram
- Case file 028 · Albert BanduraConnected to: Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram
- Case file 013 · Carl RogersConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud
- Case file 014 · Abraham MaslowConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud
- Case file 015 · Viktor FranklConnected to: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Iwan Pawlow, John B. Watson, Karen Horney, Martin Seligman, Melanie Klein, Sigmund Freud
- Case file 029 · Aaron T. BeckConnected to: Abraham Maslow, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 030 · Albert EllisConnected to: Abraham Maslow, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wilhelm Wundt, William James
- Case file 031 · Martin SeligmanConnected to: Abraham Maslow, Amos Tversky, Anna Freud, B. F. Skinner, Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Rogers, Daniel Kahneman, Eleanor J. Gibson, Elizabeth Loftus, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Iwan Pawlow, Jean Piaget, John B. Watson, John Bowlby, Karen Horney, Mary Ainsworth, Melanie Klein, Philip Zimbardo, Sigmund Freud, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Ulric Neisser, Viktor Frankl, Wilhelm Wundt, William James